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Eastern Gray Squirrel Sciurus carolinensis Gmelin -- Rodentia: Sciuridae |
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In the middle 1800's Eastern Gray
Squirrels, Sciurus
carolinensis Gmelin, were imported from Europe to urban
areas of America to provide "peace and calm" according to Etienne
Benson of the University of Pennsylvania.
They quickly became a nuisance and by the latter 20th Century many
public areas discouraged feeding them.
These squirrels have begun to appear in large numbers in urban areas
of southern California after the year 2000.
They sequester in garages with open doors and in the motor area of
automobiles that they can access where they store food, such as tree nuts. A prolific and adaptable
species, the Eastern Gray Squirrel has also been introduced to, and thrives
in, other parts of the western United States and in 1966, this squirrel was
introduced into Vancouver Island in Western Canada in the area of Metchosin,
and has spread widely from there.
They are considered highly invasive and a threat to both the local
ecosystem and the native American red squirrel. Commercial repellants are used to
discourage squirrels from dwellings.
However, keeping foodstuffs such as peanuts and tree nuts from
accumulating outdoors is a good preventative. The squirrels have been observed to feed on some outdoor
vegetable plantings such as green leaf lettuce, although they shun green
peas. Some birds such as crows and
jays have been observed to seek out the hiding places and remove the nuts. REFERENCES: Alexander,
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Italy, and consequences for the red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris) in
Eurasia. Biological Conservation.
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Sandra. 1997. Kentucky Doctors Warn Against a Regional
Dish: Squirrels' Brains. The New York Times, 27 August. Butler, F. &
C. Kelleher (eds). 2012. All-Ireland Mammal Symposium 2009. Irish Naturalists' Journal,
Belfast,
ISBN 978. Carey,
M., G. Hamilton, A. Poole
& C. Lawton, C. 2007. The Irish
Squirrel Survey 2007. COFORD, Dublin, Ireland. Curtis,
Paul D. & Kristi L. Sullivan. 2001. Tree
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sampling of mitogenomes reveals hidden diversity, phenotypic convergence, and
the need of a taxonomic overhaul.
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Jacob R. & Robert K. Swihart.
2003. Food-hoarding behavior
of gray squirrels and North American red squirrels in the central hardwoods
region: Implications for forest regeneration. Canadian Journal of Zoology. 81 (9): 16361639. Grant,
Steve. 2004. The Squirrel's Bag Of Tricks: They Can't
Get Out Of The Way Of Cars, But Other Behaviors Demonstrate Advanced Thinking
(For a Rodent), The Hartford Courant, 21 October Hanmer,
Hugh J., Rebecca L. Thomas &
Mark D. E. Fellowes. 2017. Provision of supplementary food for wild
birds may increase the risk of local nest predation. Ibis. 159 (1): 158167. Hanmer,
Hugh J., Rebecca L. Thomas & Mark
D. E. Fellowes. 2018. Introduced Grey Squirrels subvert
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John. 2012. Learn to speak squirrel in four easy
lessons. Washington Post, 9 April. Koprowski,
John L. 1994. Sciurus carolinensis. Mammalian Species. 480 (480): 19. Lawniczak,
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J. L. 2003. Introduced Mammals of the World: Their History, Distribution
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Collingwood, Australia.
Long,
Kim. 1995. Squirrels: A Wildlife
Handbook. Johnson Books, pp. 144146. and
Big Earth Publishing. p. 95. McGoldrick,
M. & J. Rochford. 2009. Recent range expansion by the Grey
Squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis Gmelin
1788. Irish Naturalists' Journal.
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H., A. Thomas & J. Kelly.
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Melanism in the Gray Squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis). Journal of Heredity. 100 (6): 709714. Murie, Olaus
Johan & Mark Elbroch. 2005. Peterson
Field Guide to Animal Tracks.
Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, p. 79. Partan,
Sarah R. 2010. Multimodal alarm behavior in urban and
rural gray squirrels studied by means of observation and a mechanical
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and Gray Squirrels in Massachusetts.
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Emma & Colin Lawton.
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invasive species following the recovery of a native predator: the case of the
American grey squirrel and the European pine marten in Ireland. Biodiversity and Conservation. 23 (3): 753774. Steele,
M. A., L. Z. Hadj-Chikh &
J. Hazeltine. 1996. Caching and Feeding Decisions by Sciurus carolinensis:
Responses to Weevil-Infested Acorns.
Journal of Mammalogy. 77 (2):
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Grey Squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis). 2006.
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R. W. Jr. & R. S. Hoffman. 2005.
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Squirrel | Rodent | Southern Africa.
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L. A., J. Gurnell, A. Martinoli &
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Eurasian red squirrels and alien grey squirrels: does resource partitioning
occur?. Behavioral Ecology and
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G. E., G. S. Pope &
E. Johnson. 1985.
Seasonal changes in the testes and accessory reproductive organs and
seasonal and circadian changes in plasma testosterone concentrations in the
male grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis). General and Comparative Endocrinology. 59
(1): 1523. |